Western Scholarship on Jain Studies
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A Yantra of Mahavira, between 1425 and 1450.
Western Scholarship on Jain Studies
Contributions, Critiques, and Collaborations
06/20/2025
In the realm of religious studies, Western scholarship on Jainism holds a significant place, offering both constructive advancements and suggesting areas necessitating critical self-reflection. Jainism, one of the oldest religions originating from the Indian subcontinent, has been studied extensively in the West, leading to both expanded understanding and propagation of its philosophies globally. However, the discourse around Western scholarship on Jainism is fraught with complexities, ranging from celebratory acknowledgment of its contributions to contentious debates about its biases and limitations.
Strengths of Western Scholarship
Western scholarship in the field of philological and textual analysis has significantly contributed to the accessibility and understanding of Jain texts. Notably, scholars like Hermann Jacobi, Paul Dundas, and Johannes Bronkhorst have been pivotal in translating and commenting on ancient Jain writings. These efforts have made Jain scriptures accessible to a global audience, thereby expanding the reach and understanding of Jain philosophical tenets beyond the Indian subcontinent. Western scholars have also placed Jainism within a broader religious and cultural context, facilitating a comparative analysis with other Indic religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism. This comparative perspective provides fresh insights into Jainism’s distinct practices and philosophies and how they interact with and differ from other religious traditions.
More recently, increasingly scholars in the Western academy are engaged in constructive work, sometimes termed “engaged Jainism,” where, supported by the Jain community, they have sought ways to engage ancient Jain teachings with the problems and the issues facing the modern world. The constructive approach has been highly valued by the Jain community. By applying ancient Jain principles to contemporary issues, scholars demonstrate the ongoing relevance and applicability of Jain teachings, making them more accessible and meaningful to modern Jain practitioners. This approach not only helps to revitalize Jain teachings but also makes them more relatable and applicable to the challenges faced by Jains in the modern world. Moreover, this approach enables the Jain community to address pressing modern issues through the lens of Jain ethics and values. Contemporary challenges such as environmental sustainability, social justice, and mental health can be tackled by drawing on the rich spiritual heritage of Jainism. By doing so, Jains can find innovative solutions to modern problems that are rooted in their unique spiritual tradition. Constructive scholarship also raises awareness about Jainism's distinctive contributions to global discussions on ethics, non-violence, and spirituality. This promotes a deeper understanding and appreciation of Jain values and principles, both within and outside the Jain community. As a result, Jainism's unique perspective on the world can be shared with a broader audience, enriching global conversations on spirituality and ethics. Furthermore, this approach fosters community engagement and dialogue by encouraging collaboration between scholars, Jain community leaders, and practitioners. This facilitates the exchange of ideas and helps to build a stronger, more cohesive Jain community. By working together, Jains can develop a more nuanced understanding of their spiritual heritage and its relevance to modern life. Ultimately, constructive scholarship inspires new generations of Jains to explore and deepen their understanding of their heritage. By demonstrating the continued relevance and importance of Jain teachings, scholars can ensure the continued vitality and transmission of Jainism. This not only benefits the Jain community but also contributes to a richer and more diverse global spiritual landscape.
Western scholarship in the field of philological and textual analysis has significantly contributed to the accessibility and understanding of Jain texts. Notably, scholars like Hermann Jacobi, Paul Dundas, and Johannes Bronkhorst have been pivotal in translating and commenting on ancient Jain writings. These efforts have made Jain scriptures accessible to a global audience, thereby expanding the reach and understanding of Jain philosophical tenets beyond the Indian subcontinent. Western scholars have also placed Jainism within a broader religious and cultural context, facilitating a comparative analysis with other Indic religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism. This comparative perspective provides fresh insights into Jainism’s distinct practices and philosophies and how they interact with and differ from other religious traditions.
More recently, increasingly scholars in the Western academy are engaged in constructive work, sometimes termed “engaged Jainism,” where, supported by the Jain community, they have sought ways to engage ancient Jain teachings with the problems and the issues facing the modern world. The constructive approach has been highly valued by the Jain community. By applying ancient Jain principles to contemporary issues, scholars demonstrate the ongoing relevance and applicability of Jain teachings, making them more accessible and meaningful to modern Jain practitioners. This approach not only helps to revitalize Jain teachings but also makes them more relatable and applicable to the challenges faced by Jains in the modern world. Moreover, this approach enables the Jain community to address pressing modern issues through the lens of Jain ethics and values. Contemporary challenges such as environmental sustainability, social justice, and mental health can be tackled by drawing on the rich spiritual heritage of Jainism. By doing so, Jains can find innovative solutions to modern problems that are rooted in their unique spiritual tradition. Constructive scholarship also raises awareness about Jainism's distinctive contributions to global discussions on ethics, non-violence, and spirituality. This promotes a deeper understanding and appreciation of Jain values and principles, both within and outside the Jain community. As a result, Jainism's unique perspective on the world can be shared with a broader audience, enriching global conversations on spirituality and ethics. Furthermore, this approach fosters community engagement and dialogue by encouraging collaboration between scholars, Jain community leaders, and practitioners. This facilitates the exchange of ideas and helps to build a stronger, more cohesive Jain community. By working together, Jains can develop a more nuanced understanding of their spiritual heritage and its relevance to modern life. Ultimately, constructive scholarship inspires new generations of Jains to explore and deepen their understanding of their heritage. By demonstrating the continued relevance and importance of Jain teachings, scholars can ensure the continued vitality and transmission of Jainism. This not only benefits the Jain community but also contributes to a richer and more diverse global spiritual landscape.
Thus, by employing historical, anthropological, sociological, and constructive methodologies, Western scholarship has enriched society’s understanding of Jainism, extending beyond textual analysis to include social practices and historical developments. Moreover, Western academic institutions have played a crucial role in preserving, digitizing manuscripts, and promoting Jain studies through various academic programs. This global reach ensures that Jain studies continue to evolve and influence modern thought.
Limitations and Criticisms
Despite its strengths, Western scholarship’s emphasis on textual analysis may at times overlook the lived experiences and practices of Jain communities. This focus can result in a skewed perception that does not fully capture the dynamism and diversity present within Jain practices. Moreover, early Western interpretations often framed Jainism through the lens of other dominant religions, like Hinduism or Buddhism, sometimes leading to misinterpretations and oversights regarding its unique attributes, and these misunderstandings persist to this day. Further, a significant critique is the insufficient engagement with contemporary Jain communities, which results in academic outputs that may not accurately reflect current practices and beliefs. And finally, while ascetic ideals are fundamental to Jainism, Western studies sometimes overemphasize these aspects, neglecting the religion’s lay traditions and its socio-political impact.
Respect for Indian Jain Scholars in the West
The issue of respect and recognition for Indian Jain scholars within Western academia is deeply intertwined with historical and structural biases that need addressing for a more inclusive and equitable academic discourse. The early adaptation of Jain studies through an Orientalist lens often privileged European interpretations over indigenous understandings. This legacy continues to influence the academic sphere, underscoring the need for a decolonized approach to Jain studies. Language barriers and institutional preferences for Euro-American methodologies also hinders the recognition and citation of Indian scholars in Western academic circles. Even with profound insights into Jain philosophy, Indian Jain scholars often find their work overshadowed by Western-trained scholars framing Jainism in familiar Western paradigms. Indian Jain scholars operating from indigenous methodologies, epistemologies, and other frameworks often face exclusion from major conferences, editorial boards, and funding opportunities, leading to an imbalance in the representation of their work and perspectives.
The issue of respect and recognition for Indian Jain scholars within Western academia is deeply intertwined with historical and structural biases that need addressing for a more inclusive and equitable academic discourse. The early adaptation of Jain studies through an Orientalist lens often privileged European interpretations over indigenous understandings. This legacy continues to influence the academic sphere, underscoring the need for a decolonized approach to Jain studies. Language barriers and institutional preferences for Euro-American methodologies also hinders the recognition and citation of Indian scholars in Western academic circles. Even with profound insights into Jain philosophy, Indian Jain scholars often find their work overshadowed by Western-trained scholars framing Jainism in familiar Western paradigms. Indian Jain scholars operating from indigenous methodologies, epistemologies, and other frameworks often face exclusion from major conferences, editorial boards, and funding opportunities, leading to an imbalance in the representation of their work and perspectives.
Pathways for Future Collaboration and Respect
Building collaborative frameworks between Western and Indian scholars can bridge understanding gaps and foster mutual respect. There is a pressing need for Western academic institutions to actively involve Indian Jain scholars in research and decision-making, thereby enhancing representation. Efforts to translate and engage with work published in indigenous languages are vital to acknowledging and valuing the contributions of Indian Jain scholars. A move beyond Eurocentric frameworks, acknowledging Jainism on its own terms and appreciating its intricate philosophies and practices, is crucial. The discourse surrounding Western scholarship on Jain studies reflects broader issues of scholarly bias, representation, and the need for inclusivity and collaboration. Amplifying the voices of Indian Jain scholars and creating opportunities for meaningful academic exchanges is imperative. Such efforts will ensure a more comprehensive, respectful, and insightful understanding of Jainism, one that truly reflects its depth and diversity in both historical and contemporary contexts.
Building collaborative frameworks between Western and Indian scholars can bridge understanding gaps and foster mutual respect. There is a pressing need for Western academic institutions to actively involve Indian Jain scholars in research and decision-making, thereby enhancing representation. Efforts to translate and engage with work published in indigenous languages are vital to acknowledging and valuing the contributions of Indian Jain scholars. A move beyond Eurocentric frameworks, acknowledging Jainism on its own terms and appreciating its intricate philosophies and practices, is crucial. The discourse surrounding Western scholarship on Jain studies reflects broader issues of scholarly bias, representation, and the need for inclusivity and collaboration. Amplifying the voices of Indian Jain scholars and creating opportunities for meaningful academic exchanges is imperative. Such efforts will ensure a more comprehensive, respectful, and insightful understanding of Jainism, one that truly reflects its depth and diversity in both historical and contemporary contexts.
Conclusion
Arihanta Institute has been at the forefront of efforts to further the beneficial aspects of Jain studies, while also addressing the potential problems and limitations. Through our research initiatives and academic programs, we have sought to promote a more nuanced and inclusive understanding of Jainism, one that acknowledges the contributions of both Western and Indian scholars. By fostering collaboration and dialogue between scholars from diverse backgrounds, we aim to create a more comprehensive and respectful understanding of Jainism, one that truly reflects its depth and diversity. Ultimately, our goal is to ensure that Jain studies continue to evolve and influence modern thought, while remaining grounded in the principles of mutual respect, inclusivity, and academic rigor.
Arihanta Institute has been at the forefront of efforts to further the beneficial aspects of Jain studies, while also addressing the potential problems and limitations. Through our research initiatives and academic programs, we have sought to promote a more nuanced and inclusive understanding of Jainism, one that acknowledges the contributions of both Western and Indian scholars. By fostering collaboration and dialogue between scholars from diverse backgrounds, we aim to create a more comprehensive and respectful understanding of Jainism, one that truly reflects its depth and diversity. Ultimately, our goal is to ensure that Jain studies continue to evolve and influence modern thought, while remaining grounded in the principles of mutual respect, inclusivity, and academic rigor.
If you are interested in learning more on this topic, consider the Master of Arts in Engaged Jain Studies. Learn More
Cogen Bohanec, MA, PhD holds the position of Assistant Professor in Sanskrit and Jain Studies at Arihanta Institute where he teaches various courses on Jain philosophy and its applications. He received his doctorate in Historical and Cultural Studies of Religion from the Graduate Theological Union (GTU) in Berkeley, California where his research emphasized comparative dharmic traditions and the philosophy of religion. He teaches several foundational self-paced, online courses based in Jain philosophy, yoga, ecology, languages, and interfaith peace-building, including:
